COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF REMOVAL METHODS IN FOOD SYSTEMS: FOCUS ON ECO-FRIENDLY STRATEGIES AGAINST HEAVY METALS

Abstract

Heavy metal contamination in food systems has become significant global threat due to its persistence, bioaccumulation, and severe health risks. This review aims as a comprehensive evaluation of eco-friendly strategies for the removal of toxic heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, Hg, As, and Cr from food system. The study identifies major contamination pathways, environmental exposure, agricultural inputs, and food processing. Emphasis is placed on green technologies, including bio-based adsorbents from agricultural waste, microbial and enzymatic biosorption, plant-derived coagulants, and green nanotechnology. These methods offer promising, sustainable alternatives with high removal efficiency, low toxicity, and compatibility with food safety standards. By synthesizing findings from recent studies, this review underscores the practical applicability of eco-friendly materials and biological agents, aligning with global sustainability efforts and food safety regulations.